Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD), previously referred to as Feline Urologic Syndrome (FUS), is a collection of symptoms affecting a cat’s bladder and lower urinary system. It causes difficulty and discomfort while urinating and, in severe cases, can lead to a complete blockage of the urinary tract. FLUTD affects around 1% of the cat population, with male cats being more at risk due to their narrower urethras, making blockages more likely. This condition is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention.
Causes and Risk Factors
FLUTD presents with similar symptoms regardless of the underlying cause, which may include:
- Urolithiasis (urinary stones) – Mineral deposits forming in the urinary tract.
- Cystitis (bladder inflammation) – Often related to stress, infections, or unknown causes.
- Urethral obstruction – Blockages due to mucus, crystals, or stones.
Despite ongoing research, the exact causes of FLUTD remain unclear. Environmental factors, heredity, diet, infections, and stress all seem to play a role. Many cat owners are unaware that their seemingly healthy cat may be developing FLUTD until the condition is already advanced. However, early recognition of symptoms can lead to timely intervention.
Who is at Risk?
FLUTD can affect cats of all breeds and ages, whether neutered or intact, indoor or outdoor, and those on a variety of diets. It is one of the most serious and distressing feline conditions, and without prompt treatment, affected cats can quickly deteriorate and succumb to the illness.
Symptoms of FLUTD
Look out for these key warning signs:
- Increased irritability and restlessness
- Blood in the urine
- Frequent visits to the litter box, along with excessive licking of the genital area
- Straining to urinate (often mistaken for constipation)
- Urinating in unusual places around the home
If left untreated, the condition worsens as the kidneys lose their ability to eliminate waste. Toxins build up in the body, leading to severe pain, abdominal swelling, vomiting, drooling, and lethargy. If the condition is not treated promptly, it can result in a painful and fatal outcome.
Treatment Options for FLUTD
Relieving the Blockage
If a cat’s urinary passage is obstructed, immediate medical intervention is required. In most cases, this involves using a catheter to flush out the blockage under anaesthesia. Although anaesthesia carries risks, especially for a cat in poor condition, it is necessary to relieve the obstruction. In some cases, if the blockage is particularly stubborn, a bladder puncture may be required. A catheter may remain in place for a few days, and a protective collar is often used to prevent the cat from removing it. The earlier the treatment is administered, the greater the chances of success.
Fluid Therapy
If a cat is dehydrated or experiencing toxicity from urine retention, intravenous fluids are administered to stabilise its condition and support kidney function.
Antibiotics
If infections arise due to urinary tract abnormalities, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent further complications.
Prognosis and Long-Term Care
While many cats recover with prompt and aggressive treatment, FLUTD can sometimes be fatal, particularly if severe electrolyte imbalances or kidney failure develop. Cats that undergo successful catheterisation are often discharged with their urinary catheter still in place for continued veterinary supervision. Unfortunately, FLUTD has a high recurrence rate, especially in cases involving significant inflammation.
However, long-term management strategies, including dietary modifications, stress reduction, and in some cases, surgical intervention, can help reduce recurrence. Early and aggressive treatment improves the chances of a full recovery, but some cats may suffer irreversible kidney damage despite the best veterinary care.
Final Thoughts
FLUTD is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate attention. Recognising early symptoms and seeking prompt veterinary care can make all the difference. If you suspect your cat may be experiencing urinary issues, do not hesitate to contact your veterinarian for advice and treatment options. With proper management, many cats go on to live happy, healthy lives.
If you are concerned about your cat, contact your local veterinarian or visit your closest Animal Emergency Service hospital.